The Department of Metauro, a union of territories created in 1798
in the wake of other Republic of French inspiration as
the Cisalpine one. The Department of Metauro included Pesaro and Ancona,
which was its capital. Its foundation caused the end of other local
political realities such as the Government of the United Towns. In
particular, the Government of the United Towns had been created autonomously
in the area of Ancona in 1797 and integrated in its territory the city
of Macerata. A Republic of Ancona (or Repubblica Anconitana)
was proclaimed (with French help) on 19 November 1797. The flag
was abolished when the republic was merged into the Roman Republic
on 7 March 1798. During the following decades, after the
decay of the Napoleonic Empire and the Pontificial Restauration there
were other attempts to create territorial realities led by Ancona.
Ancona is a provincial capital not quite midway down
the Adriatic coast of Italy, 97 km SE from Rimini (Emilia-Romagna),
and 286 km NNE of Rome. The older part of town
climbs a spur of rock rather high above the port — the view above
is from the top of the spur, in front of the spectacular Romanesque
cathedral of S. Ciriaco. The town is finely situated on and between
the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero,
Monte Astagno to the South, occupied by the citadel, and Monte Guasco
to the North, on which the cathedral stands. To the east of the town
is the harbour the finest harbour on the SW coast of the Adriatic,
and one of the best in Italy. It was originally protected only by the
northern promontory, from the elbow-like shape of which (Greek. Aγκών-Agcòn)
the ancient town, founded by Syracusan refugees about 390 B.C.,
took its name.
First commander of Ancona, 2nd Military Territorial Division was General
Giuseppe Maria Casabianca (1742-1803), with his adjudant, old General
Cervoni. However, in 1798, just before the Neapolitan invasion, he
was substituted by General Jean Charles Monnier. Commander and Chief of
General Staff of Ancona Division were respectively Girard and De La
Marre, but, sometimes, having to leave Ancona, in order to lead military
actions, Monnier left the provisional command of the military place
to his friend Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit, Commissioner for the foreign
policies and later historian of the Ancona defense. General Jean Charles
Monnier was an effective military commander and an administrator. In
this synthesis there is the whole Ancona adventure, an epic poem of
that time.
"On vit alors, rapporte un écrivain, cet habile générale
trouver dans l'activité de son génie toutes les ressorces
que les circonstances lui refusaient. Il improvisa une place de guerre
sur des rochers à peine couverts de quelques vieilles fortifications,
fabriqua de la poudre, coula des mortiers, construisit des moulins à bras,
transforma un port marchand en port de guerre, et, toujours combattent
pendant ces gigantesques travaux, ils soutint, avec une poignée
de braves, cent cinq jours de siége régulier contre
un ennemi quinze fois plus nombreux. Enfin, après avoir livré vingt
combats, presque tous avec succès, il accepta la capitulation
honorable que lui offrit le général autrichien Froelich
(23 brumaire an VIII)."
The treaty of Tolentino fixed a withdrawal of the French troops
from the Marche Region, once the Papal government had paid what was
established. Moreover, on the day after the signature of the treaty
between France and the Habsburg Empire -October 17, 1797, called Campoformio-
Ancona would have been returned to the Rome Government. Without the
military control of Ancona, however, the French exepedition against
Rome, expected for the beginning of 1798, would have been too difficult.
The French, therefore, maintained Ancona and gave it a republican government,
gathering there soldiers of the Cisalpine Republic. The French breaking the
agreement of Tolentino, which was signed under the protection of Saint
Nicholas by the Catholic Church, was one of the motivations of the
1799 insurgency, which was
Ancona – the Fort Cappuccini
Cisalpine troops, Poles, and French auxiliary troops, had begun
to threaten the border with the Marche since November 179. At
the beginning of December they had already occupied Saint Leo fortress.
On December 21, the Cisalpines entered Pesaro, and gradually all the
nearby towns. At the beginning of January 1799, the French and
the Cisalpines controlled the entire Marche’s territory. Only
in that moment was given the order to march on Rome.
At the beginning of 1799 - therefore still before the more important
battles of the insurgency - the losses of the Italian rebels were already
more than 60,000, according to the numbers given by the French General
Paul-Charles Thiébault. The guerrilla, began hitting randomly
from some places to other and founding resources and aid in the Abruzzi
region. The revolt quickly spread: the French sent the “colonne
infernali” (hell’s columns), where the riot’s fires
assumed greatest proportions and introduced greater dangers, but did
not succeed to extinguish them, other than for the short term. Initially
the insurgency in that territories had the usual disordered reforms
of all riots, but under the guide of two skilled military chiefs it
soon became a real war. The first “military” chief was
Donato de’ Donati, leader of the rebellion in Fano near Pesaro.
The second was the famous Cisalpine General Giuseppe Lahoz Ortiz [i], who,
after having disobeyed General Montrichard orders, led his staff
and troops to Rimini and Fano, joining the other side of the
struggle. At Fano he tried to get Cisalpine general-de-brigade
Domenico Pino [ii],
a close friend, and Cisalpine Chef de Brigade Achille Fontanelli [iii] to
join him. They refused and left Fano. They reached Ancona where
they were arrested by Monnier as spies. However the French general
believed in their sincerity and taken them with him at the Citadel.
The port was soon blocked on land, by a great multitude of peasants,
and at sea, on the Adriatic side, by a fleet of Russians and
Turks, which arrived on May 17. On May 23 the De Donati bands occupied
Ascoli; on June 4 the French re-conquered and plundered it; three
days after Pesaro had fallen in the hands of the Sebastiano Grandi
bands, a Catholic priest, who, on June 9, obstinately defended it from
Monnier and Pino assaults. By June 12, Fano fell into rebels
hands and, on 15, the bandit Chief Gentili got hold of Recanati,
while, on 16, Vanni conquered Macerata. On June 18 the Turkish-Russians
marines disembarked and occupied Senigallia, very close to Ancona,
causing a temporarily stop in the activity of the Cisalpine French columns.
It followed a naval attack.
The first attack of the Coalition fleet was grotesque. They
deployed in two ranks, with the Turkish ships in the second line, almost
parallel to the Russians in the first line. The Turkish vessels’ guns
opened a terrible fire trying to hit the town bastions. Instead
they fired on their allies, damaging the Russian ships in a such way
they were soon unable to stay at sea. So the fleet withdrew in a friendly
port for repairs.
This incredible accident created great confusion among the rebel troops
and was noted by Monnier, in the Citadel. He quickly profited from
the moment and increased the confusion by leaving Ancona with three
columns. The insurgents were surprised and made a rapid escape. So
Monnier was able to take all the territory between Musone and Esino
creeks. A French column advanced south towards Ascoli, which
was taken with a great carnage among the rebels, and the desperate
Lahoz was forced to retreat to the Abruzzi region. Fontanelli’s
column advanced north against Pesaro and hearing rumors of a
new insurgent formation of about 6000 peasants, simulated a retreat
towards Fiumicino. Here he joined the General Monnier’s column
and, together, they engaged the rebels. The battle was won and the
bands fled away in panic. Then Fontanelli proceeded in his march
capturing the Furlo Pass, Fano and Fabriano (where he was wounded),
returning through Sarnano and, finally, attacking the strong town of
Macerata, which was occupied.
Ancona Division General Jean-Charles Monnier
Chief of Staff : généraux Girard and De La Marre
Adjudants-généraux: colonels Fortunato Schiazzetti and
Giuseppe Zanardi (Romans)
Brigadiers : Général de brigade Domenico Pino
General-de-Brigade Edme-Aime Lucotte [iv]
Chef-de-Brigade à titre provisoire Jacques-Alexandre-François
Allix de Vaux [v]
General Giuseppe Palombini
Garrison
2680
(2261) fit to fight till the
last days
Guns batteries
500 pieces
300 in fixed position
Crews
138
Detachement d’assaut
Chef-de-bataillon Le Coutourier
On June end, the Russian Admiral Ushakov, having occupied
Corfu, sent another squadron to Ancona, under command of Commander
Count Wojnovich, which embarked other 1200 Russians and 300 Turks and
consisted of four frigates, one corvette and two escorts. This task
force disembarked some detachments capturing Fano ans Senigallia, north
of Ancona,while Lahoz and Vanni gradually encircled the fortress.
On 1 August, the French only held beyond Ancona, the towns
of Montesicuro, Osimo, Castelfidardo and Camurano. Pino
and Lucotte, who defended these positions, were pressed by Lahoz and
were forced to withdraw into Montagnola. Two days later,
again being defeated by the Cisalpine general, they had to withdraw
to Ancona. Monnier’s forces were not so many, but in compensation
the city was well fortified and suitable to a strong resistance; the
batteries in the Fort of Cappuccini, and those in the Mount Cardeto
and Santo Stefano redoubts, which dominated the place, had been strengthened
with covered entrenchments and supported on their flanks by the forts
erected on the Mounts Pelago and Galeazzo. Also the defenses
of the Pier and the Lazzeretto had been abundantly fortified. General
Lahoz had with himself 6000 rebels and one thousand Turkish-Russians,
being supported by the fleet of Wojnovich. The siege operations began
after the capture of Montagnola and were conduct with great energy.
The Pier, the Lazzeretto, the Fort of the Cappuccini and the mounts
Cardeto and Santo Stefano were incessantly bombed from the batteries
of the besiegers; Mount Pelago fell in the hands of the rebels, while
Mount Galeazzo, despite being attacked two times, continued to resist.
On September 29, the vanguard of the Fröhlich Corps, 1500
Austrians under the engineers General Skal, arrived. On October 8,
an enemy courier came onto the French outposts bringing a letter
in which the Coalition
army asked the fortress to surrender.
Monnier thought to break off the blockade before the entire Austrian
force would reach Ancona and on October 10 ordered a general sortie.
At 2 AM, the French cautiously exited the city in three columns:
the right one commanded by Lucotte, the center one under Monnier and
the left one under Pino. The besiegers, surprised while sleeping,
were taken by a great panic, slipped away and the French easily occupied
the parallel trenches of their first and second line. They then attacked
the opponent’s camp in front of Mount Cardeto, disordered the
enemy troops, destroyed seven artillery pieces, stole two mortars,
took away seven flags and regained the walls under great hurrahs. In
this action died also the brave Lahoz, who threw himself into the melée
and of whom the legend tells he was killed by his friend Pino.
The garrison was, otherwise, very weak, above all by diseases. Only
1500 men were fit to fight and the fate of the fortress was going to
be desperate. In November, Fröhlich sent his second ultimatum
but it was ignored by Monnier. The continual daily musketry, the
cannonballs, which damaged the Ancona batteries which made them unable
to fire, and finally the lack of supplies and food, made the third
Austrian ultimatum definitive. After 100 days of brave resistance,
the War Council of the Citadel voted to give up. The surrender treaty
had honourable articles: only the soldiers had to put away the weapons,
NCOs and officers retained theis sabres, baggages and horses. The whole
garrison (with wounded who were able to travel) was embarked to France
(Marseille, Bourg en Bresse) and Monnier marched with a special honour
guard, which retained their weapons.
Last period deployment after the Montagnola clash
Mt. Gardetto Fort - Today known as monte Cardeto - General Domenico
Pino
3rd Cisalpine Legion
The uncontrollable French expansion swept up Ancona, leaving
there evident traces. In that twilight of the 1700's, the French gave
instructions to fortify Monte Cardeto and hill Santo Stefano, which
were too weak to resist. In 1799 the French began to realize
the importance of Fort Cardeto and the Lunetta di Santo Stefano.
This last one, which, in particular, will reveal itself decisive for
the defense of the city, was made with a pointed, low defilading. It
was a fortified “casermetta” (little barracks) of two floors.
The fort was rather protected by its own shape, having a long ditch
which got
hidden great part of the escarpments, while presenting an extererior
advanced defensive work – called “dente” (tooth) – to
protect the ditch. The Fort was connected with the entrenched Camp
by a weak system of pits and palisades. The Lunetta S. Stefano, today,
is practically intact and its perimeter is very evident in the parks
of Pincio and Lunetta, where there is an interesting and evocative
system of tunnels, on the left face of the Lunetta. Fort Cardeto, today,
is partially comprised in a park and is accessible from the road which
starts from the Field of the Jews.
Fort Cappuccini - General Edme Lucotte
8th Light infantry Demi-brigade III Battalion
55th Line infantry Demi-brigade III Battalion .
The French were also very interested in the area currently occupied
by the two lighthouses. The hilltop of Cappuccini, therefore, was transformed
into a fortress, taking advantage from the previous walls and fortifying
the terraces laid between the hill and the inhabited center. So acting,
it was obtained an effective rearguard building (for the Cardeto),
equipped with two bastions.
Citadel - Chef-de-bataillon Michel Gazan
16th Light infantry Demi-brigade 4 companies
The Sangallo Fortress dominated Ancona was known as the
“Citadel”. It was the main instrument of defense at the
entrance of the city (where today is Sangallo Olace) and its walls
were connected, from the end of the 1700, with Porta Pia (Pia Door)
fortifications. The evidence of such defensive system is found in the
central city zone, today called “the Citadel”, which has,
inside it, the larger city park. From the higher point of this green
zone, it is possible to have a 360 degrees vision of the whole city,
from the port to Monte Conero.
The Quarantine hospital (Lazzaretto or Laemocomium) of Ancona was
realized by the renowned architect Luigi Vanvitelli (Naples, 1700 -
Caserta, 1773), beginning from 1732 in the harbour area, when he was
in the Marche, in quality of Papal planner. The imposing construction
(it extends itself on an area of 20000 square meters), was planned
according to the city reorganization of Ancona as a port, in order
to guarantee the immunity from epidemics, which could have been carried
by materials and people coming from foreign lands. The decision to
construct a large Quarantine hospital was justified by the trades of
Ancona, in that period become free port thanks to Pope Clement XII.
The first stone was planted on July 26, 1733 and the buildins was completed
in 1743.
Sobborgo Farina (a nearby village) - Chef-de-bataillon Le Coutourier
Detachement d’assaut
Exp. Corps Generalmajor Freiherr
Michael von Fröhlich
8040
* Estimated numbers
Avantgarde Detachment- Commander:
Oberst Skal
1190
K.K. 16th Light Battalion . Ertel
500
Dalmatian - Montenegrin (Venetian)
light battalion. Commander: Major Dominik Ertel
II Battalion K.K. IR 18 Line Infantry
Regiment
Graf Patrick Stuart
690
Part of the Ravenna disembarked
Corps
Hauptgruppe- Commander: Generalmajor Freiherr Michael
von Fröhlich
6850 ??
K.K. IR 43 Line Infantry Regiment Graf
Anton Thurn-Val Sassina
2100
(I and II Battalions.) The
III Battalion . was at Zara (Dalmatia) in garrison duty. Commander:
Freiherr Ignaz von Loen
K.K. IR 17 Line Infantry Regiment Former
Friedrich Wilhelm Fürst Hohenlohe-Kirchberg
2100
(I and II Battalions.) The
III Battalion . was at Zara (Dalmatia) in garrison duty. Commander:
Oberst Carl Riera
K.K. IR 27 Line Infantry Regiment FML
Graf Leopold Strassoldo
2350
(I and II Battalions.) included
its grenadier division. Commander: Oberst Otto Gottlieb von Zschock
K.K. 12th Kürassier Regiment FML
Moritz Graf Cavanagh
300
(2sqns.) Commander: Major Philipp
Christoph Freiherr Berchtold
Lahoz Insurgent army - Commander:
General Giuseppe
Lahoz Ortiz
8000 ??
General Giuseppe Lahoz Ortiz Division
adjudant Commander: Giuseppe Cellini
6000
Commander Giuseppe Vanni
1000 ??
Commander Giuseppe Costantini called
Sciabolone
1000 ??
Russian Navy Detachment - Commander:
Lieutenant-Captain Foma Fomich Messer
600
Russian Marines
400
Turkish Marines
200
Notes:
[i]General Giuseppe
Lahoz Ortiz Born in Mantua on 1773 and dead in Ancona
on 1799. In 1796 he deserted from the Austrian army to reach and
organize the first Cisalpine units. In 1797 he was General-de-brigade
participating in the Romagna expedition (wounded at the Senio combat).
When the Directory imposed the creation of the Cisalpine republic
he went to Paris to obtain important political and military charges.
But he was able only to obtain the rank of General-de-Division (the
Cisalpine one). He was sent again to Romagna under General Montrichard.
Having troubles about the conduct of the rearguard campaign, he deserted
again reaching the Papist Insurgents at Fano (Donato de’
Donati) near Ancona and then beginning an hard struggle against that
fortress in which there were also the old cisalpine comrades. Mortally
wounded he died there without glory and memory.
[ii]Général
de brigade Domenico Pino (Count). Was born in Milan on
September 8, 1760, from a family of traders. He had an impetuous
and determined nature, and fully embraced the Revolution ideals in
1796; initially as a simple grenadier, in the following year was
already a Chiefof the legion, which took possession of some places
in the Duchy of Parma, on the borders of Milanese territory. Suspected
since 1798, for his close friedship with the “rebel” General
Lahoz, when he came to Pesaro, with his friend, General Montrichard,
from Bologna expelled these two officers and removed them from their
commands. Lahoz did not yield and put resolutely himself at the head
of an insurrection against the French, Pino, on the contrary, met
General Monnier, commander in Ancona, showing always a true devotion
to Bonapartists and contributing to the Ancona defense. He had been
named general of brigade on December 16, 1798. At the end of 1799,
when the Austro-Russians invaded central Italy, he repaired in France,
returning in Italy after the Bonaparte’s victorious campaign
of 1800. He was then named general of division. In 1802, Bonaparte
charged Pino with the command of Romagna Region, and later, he entrusted
to him the War Ministry of the Kingdom of Italy. In 1805, Pino was
replaced, at the Ministry, by Caffarelli and returned to the field,
leading his former division under Napoleon. He was characterized
by bravery and intelligence; remained attached to the main French
army until the autumn of 1813. The Emperor sent him again to Italy
to support the viceroy against the advances of Austria. General Pino
operated, with his division, on September 15, at Lippa, at Adelsberg
and Fiume. After having gathered some troops in Bologna, he went
against the Austrians who had passed over the River Po, close to
Volano. Later, Murat, called him at Naples. There were, probably,
several disagreements with the king of Naples, so Pino, suspected
of sedition, was forced to leave Naples and to go to
Milan, where he waited for the final standings of the campaign. When,
in 1816, the Senate of the Kingdom deliberated to ask the allied
sovereigns for having Eugene Beauharnais as king of Italy, it is
believed that Pino took part in the insurrection of April 20, which
ruined that clever project. Austrian troops having entered Milan
few days after, and Field Marshal Bellegarde being put
at the head of regency, the influence of the General Pino ceased.
He was put in retirement with a pension of 3,000 florins. In December,
Bellegarde arrested General Theodore Lechi and a Pino’s aide-de-camp,
who were to be sent to the king of Naples, to commit him to employ
his in order to maintain the kingdom of Italy under an “Italian” crown.
Pino, again under suspicion by the Austrian authorities, was condemned
to an absolute absence from the political life in Milan. He died
close to Milan, on June 13, 1826, age sixty-six.
[iii]Chef-de-brigade
Achille Fontanelli, son of Marquis Alfonsoand
of Paolina Cervi, born in Modena on November
8, 1775.He was early orphan but fate, as a compensation,
gave him a solid constitution, gentle mind and open-handed nature.
He enrolled in 1796, at the time of Bonaparte’s arrival to
Modena, in the city Guard. In 1797 he was transferred to one of the
Bologna Cohorts of the Lahoz Lombardy’s Legion, successively
part of Lannes brigade. In February he led his volunteers against
the Papal General Colli in Romagna, at the Senio battle. Then the
brigade marched forward till it reached and captured Ancona. In middle
June Bonaparte ordered an expedition against the Ionian islands.
The Lombardy Legion, in the meanwhile, was split in two parts with
the Transpadane Cohorts gathered under the name of 3rd Legion, led
by Colonel Spinola. Absent the colonel for an illness, Fontanelli
took the command, embarked the Legion at Malamocco (Venice) and went
with the islands’ expeditionnary force, which took Corfù.
In 1798, he returned to central Italy, ordered to join General Giuseppe
Lechi for a joint march against Rome. But the Pope resigned before
the invasion and, so the Third Legion remained to garrison Pesaro.
In 1799, the Legion became the 3rd Cisalpine demi-brigade and marched
towards Ferrara and Verona under General Montrichard. He fought at
Finale against the Austrian and was forced to retreat to Bologna and,
then, to Pesaro, being there when Lahoz arrived to Fano, after his
expulsion. There General Lahoz tried to embark to Egypt, probably to
speak directly with Bonaparte, but he did not find any boat that would
sail. So, in a enlarged War council, Lahoz decided to change his flag,
but Fontanelli and Pino disagreed. He took the Legion with him
and marched towards Ancona. The city was actually defended only by
the Lighthouse batteries, restored by chef-de-brigade Allix, and was
under rebuilding of the whole fortified system, as Bonaparte had previously
ordered. At the time Ancona was under a naval blockade by a
joint Turkish-Russian fleet, led by admirals Wejnowich and Pastokhin.
The Fontanelli column was welcome in the Citadel, but its Chief was
suspected of espionage and arrested. The trial was very quick and the
Cisalpine Staff was totally discharged, being attached to the Ancona
garrison. With the capitulation he was in France, at the Legione Italica
where he led a light infantry battalion. From there he followed Bonaparte
in his Second Italian campaign. Promoted general-de-division
he was always employed in the Kingdom of Italy armies, of which he
was also War and Navy Minister. He was made Count of the Empire, Coammander
of the Legion d’Honneur (1804), Commendatore of the Iron Cross
Order (1806). In 1809 he led a division during the campaign against
Austria and Napoleon named him one who “avait bien meritée
pour l’Italie”, Grand Officer of the Legion d’Honneur,
State Advisor, awarding him with two annual endowments: one of 4000
Francs and another of 10000. From 1813 he was charged of the reorganization
of the Italian troops into 5 divisions. After the Restoration he had
the rank of Austrian Feldmarschalleutnant, with which he went into
retirement. General Achille Fontanelli died in autumn 1837 in Milan,
because of a bone cancer. The head of his funeral procession was led
by the Austrian Field marshal Radetzky.
[iv]General-de-Brigade
Edme-Aime Lucotte, He was born in Bourgogne on October
30, 1770. Studied at Dijon and was enlisted in the army in 1790,
in a volunteers battalion of the Cote-d'Or. In 1793 was promoted
chef-de-brigade of the 60th demibrigade and participated at the fights
in Lyon, at the moment of the revolt. Having refused to open the
fire against the civil rebels he was dismissed and exiled to Chambery
(Savoy). Recalled in France, in June 1797, was with Bonaparte, distinguishing
himself so he got back his rank of Chef-de-Brigade. Bonaparte wanted
him in Egypt but, because of a transport ship damage, his travel
to Africa was interrupted and the ship forced to enter the Ancona
port in order to repair. So Lucotte became one of the Ancona defenders.
For his conduct during the siege, Lucotte was promoted to the rank
of General-de-Brigade, on November 21, 1799. Returned in France,
he was named military commander of the Oise department, there
he married the daughter of the marquis of Corberon and was named
Knight of the Legion d' Honneur in 1804 (14 June). Then he became
a member of the Joseph Bonaparte Staff, as Aide-de-camp, following
him in Italy and Spain. On January 8, 1808 (in the service of Naples
as Aide de Camp) he was promoted General-de-Division by Joseph Bonaparte),
but only on November 4, 1813 (in the service of France) he was confirmed
General-de-Brigade. As Governor of Sevilla in Spain he was much estimated
from the citizens. Recalled to the campaign of France he finally
was also a French General-de-Division, on April 5, 1814 and, on the same
day, also Count of the Empire. On May 2, 1814, Lucotte was one of
the Officers who met Louis XVIII in Saint-Ouen, in order to offer
theirs swords to the king. Lucotte accompanied the king to the Tuileries
after the yield of Napoleon. After the capitulation of Paris he led
a reserve division at Corbeil. On March 16, 1815 had to carry out
the Paris defense , but with little on hand to do it, was again submitted
to Napoleon, who sent him to a command in Périgueux. On July
22, 1815, at the moment of the Restoration, he was punished and put
at half-wage, then attached to the Royal Corps of General Staff,
where he obtained the dismissal. On September 21, 1815, he died at
Pont-sur-Saone (others say: 8 July 1825).
[v]Chef-de-Brigade
Jacques-Alexandre-François Allix de Vaux, He
entered the service at the age of 16, as artillerist. During the
first revolutionary wars he served in the armée du Nord, distinguishing
himself at the siege of Luxemburg. When he was 20 yers old he was
already Colonel. As a chef-de-bataillon served in the Armée
d’Italie. He distinguished during the St. Bernard’s
passage, in the Verona attack (1800) and in the Santo Domingo expedition.
He was named Chef-de-Brigade on March 13, 1800. He was a talented
Officer but the opposition against the « Coup » of
18 brumaire delayed his career. From 1808 till 1814 he was in service
of king Joseph, and he returned in France only to fight the Coalition.
General-de-Brigade: October 1, 1808 (in the service of Westphalia).
General-de-Brigade: November 28, 1813 (in the service of France).
General-de-Division: April 15, 1812 (in the service of Westphalia).
General-de-Division: February 26, 1814 (in the service of France).
Member of the Legion d'Honneur: October 12, 1812. On February 18,
1814, he repulsed the Ausrian troops and the Cossacks away from the
Fontainebleau forest, and, on 26, he rescue the town of Sens. After
Waterloo, he was charged with the task to fortify Saint-Denis, making
an impregnable position of it. In 1815 he was exiled in Germany (Westphalia)
but, in 1819, he was recalled in France and his old rank of General
lieutenant was restituted to him. Died at Bazames (Courcelles) on
January 26, 1836.
[vi]Chef
de brigade Aliès, was assigned to the 16e demi-brigade
d'infanterie légère, with patent: 6 prairial an V (May
25, 1797). Probably he and Allix (see above) were the same person.
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